Sunday, March 22, 2009

A flagellum proof of intelligent design?

Pic




Design necessitates a designer. This is a fundamental axiom. Thus, design detection methodology is a prerequisite for many fields of human endeavor, including archaeology, anthropology, forensics, criminal jurisprudence, copyright law, patent law, reverse engineering, crypto analysis, random number generation, and SETI (the Search for Extra-terrestrial Intelligence). In general, we find "specified complexity" to be a reliable indicator of the presence of intelligent design. Chance can explain complexity but not specification; a random sequence of letters is complex but not specified (it is meaningless). A Shakespearean sonnet is both complex and specified (it is meaningful). You can't have a Shakespearean sonnet without Shakespeare. (William A. Dembski, "The Design Inference: Eliminating Chance through Small Probabilities," 1998.)

When we apply the general principles of detecting specified complexity to living creatures, we find it reasonable to infer the presence of intelligent design. Common sense demands a Designer. Let's take the e-coli bacterial flagellum for example. The e-coli bacterial flagellum is what propels e-coli bacteria through their microscopic world. It consists of about 40 different protein parts (which come into focus when magnified 50,000 times using electron micrographs), including a stator, rotor, drive shaft, U-joint, and propeller. It is not simply convenient that we've given these parts these specific names - that's truly their function. The bacterial flagellum is a microscopic outboard motor! These microscopic outboard motors are absolutely amazing - a marvel of engineering. They can run at an incredible 100,000 rpm. Nevertheless, they can stop on a microscopic dime. In fact, it takes only a quarter turn for them to stop, shift gears and start spinning 100,000 rpm in the other direction! The flagellar motor is water-cooled and is hardwired into a signal transduction (sensory mechanism) so that it gets feedback from its environment! ("Unlocking the Mystery of Life," documentary by Illustra Media, 2002.)

The point is, if you were to find a stator, rotor, drive-shaft, U-joint, or propeller in any vehicle, any machine, any toy or model, you would recognize it as the product of an intelligent source. No one would expect any outboard motor, much less one this incredible, would ever be the product of a chance assemblage of parts. That is absurd. Outboard motors are the product of intelligent design. (Michael Behe, "Darwin's Black Box," 1996.)



The term "Irreducible Complexity" was first coined by Michael Behe in describing these molecular machines. Each mechanical part is absolutely necessary for the whole to function. Thus there is no naturalistic, gradual, evolutionary explanation for the existence of a bacterial flagellum. Not only does common sense demand a Designer, there is no plausible naturalistic explanation to explain away the necessity of a Designer.

The bacterial flagellum is only one among many thousands of intricate well-designed molecular machines. Molecular biologist Michael Denton wrote, "Although the tiniest bacterial cells are incredibly small, weighing less than 10-12 grams, each is in effect a veritable micro-miniaturized factory containing thousands of exquisitely designed pieces of intricate molecular machinery, made up altogether of one hundred thousand atoms, far more complicated than any machinery built by man and absolutely without parallel in the non-living world."
(Michael Denton, "Evolution: A Theory in Crisis," 1986, p. 250.)




And This:

The eye is a famous example of a supposedly irreducibly complex structure, due to its many elaborate and interlocking parts, seemingly all dependent upon one another. It is frequently cited by intelligent design and creationism advocates as an example of irreducible complexity. Behe used the "development of the eye problem" as evidence for intelligent design in Darwin's Black Box. Although Behe acknowledged that the evolution of the larger anatomical features of the eye have been well-explained, he claimed that the complexity of the minute biochemical reactions required at a molecular level for light sensitivity still defies explanation. Creationist Jonathan Sarfati has described the eye as evolutionary biologists' "greatest challenge as an example of superb 'irreducible complexity' in God's creation", specifically pointing to the supposed "vast complexity" required for transparency.[39]








Thursday, March 19, 2009

Actress Natasha Richardson dies at 45

March 18, 2009
Associated Press and Toronto Star Staff

NEW YORK–Natasha Richardson, a gifted and precocious heiress to acting royalty whose career highlights included the film Patty Hearst and a Tony-winning performance in a stage revival of Cabaret, died Wednesday at age 45 after suffering a head injury from a skiing accident.

Alan Nierob, the Los Angeles-based publicist for Richardson's husband Liam Neeson, confirmed her death in a written statement.

"Liam Neeson, his sons, and the entire family are shocked and devastated by the tragic death of their beloved Natasha," the statement said. "They are profoundly grateful for the support, love and prayers of everyone, and ask for privacy during this very difficult time.''

The statement did not give details on the cause of death for Richardson, who suffered a head injury when she fell on a beginner's trail during a private ski lesson at the luxury Mont Tremblant ski resort in Quebec. She was hospitalized Tuesday in Montreal and later flown to a hospital in New York City.

Family members had been seen coming and going from the New York hospital where Richardson was reportedly taken.

Vanessa Redgrave, Richardson's mother, arrived in a car with darkened windows and was taken through a garage when she arrived at the Lenox Hill Hospital on Manhattan's Upper East Side at around 5 p.m. Wednesday. An hour earlier, Richardson's sister, Joely, arrived alone and was swarmed by the media as she entered through the back of the hospital.

As the Star's Andrew Chung reported Tuesday, a distraught Neeson had crouched inside the back of an ambulance at Montreal's Sacré-Coeur hospital as Richardson, wrapped in blankets and with tubes covering her face, was loaded inside. Neeson had immediately left the Toronto set of his upcoming movie, Chloe, to be by her side in Montreal, a publicist for the film said.

Later Tuesday evening, a sombre looking Vanessa Redgrave, Richardson's mother, was seen in photographs walking into Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City. Two boys, identified in photos as her sons, Michael Richard Antonio Neeson and Daniel Jack Neeson, and a young woman identified as a niece, Daisy Bevan, were seen leaving the hospital early Wednesday.

Richardson is the elder daughter of Oscar-winning Redgrave and the late director Tony Richardson. She fell Monday during a private lesson at the famed Mont Tremblant ski resort.

According to a Mont Tremblant spokesperson, Richardson appeared to be in "perfect condition" after falling on a beginner trail.

"Mrs. Richardson was on a private lesson (Monday) and she fell while getting the lesson," said Catherine Lacasse.

"Two ski patrollers came down and checked her vital signs. She was still in perfect condition. She was breathing and laughing," she said.

The fall, which occurred on the Nansen trail around 3 p.m., did not appear to be serious, Lacasse said.

But the ski patrol took her down to the bottom of the slope and insisted she see a doctor, Lacasse said. Lacasse said Richardson refused and said she wanted to go back to her room at the resort's Hotel Quintessence, where it is believed she had been staying since Sunday.

Lacasse said the ski instructor as well as the ski patrol accompanied Richardson to her room. They again recommended she see a doctor, and the ski instructor stayed with her at her hotel, Lacasse said.

Lacasse said that approximately an hour after the incident, Richardson said she was not feeling well. "She had a headache and then accepted to go to the hospital and an ambulance came."

Lacasse said Richardson was not wearing a helmet and did not collide with anything when she fell.

Her death was a sudden and horrifying loss for her family and friends, for the film and theatre communities, for her many fans and for both her native and adoptive countries. Descended from at least three generations of actors, Richardson was a proper Londoner who came to love the noise of New York, an elegant blonde with large, lively eyes, a bright smile and a hearty laugh.

If she never quite attained the acting heights of her Academy Award-winning mother, she still had enjoyed a long and worthy career. As an actress, Richardson was equally adept at passion and restraint, able to portray besieged women both confessional (Tennessee Williams' Blanche DuBois) and confined (the concubine in the futuristic horror of The Handmaid's Tale).

Like other family members, she divided her time between stage and screen. On Broadway, she won a Tony for her performance as Sally Bowles in a 1998 revival of Cabaret. She also appeared in New York in a production of Patrick Marber's Closer (1999) as well as 2005 revival of Tennessee Williams' A Streetcar Named Desire, in which she played Blanche opposite John C. Reilly's Stanley Kowalski.

She met Neeson when they made their Broadway debuts in 1993, co-starring in Anna Christie, Eugene O'Neill's drama about a former prostitute and the sailor who falls in love with her.

"The astonishing Natasha Richardson ... gives what may prove to be the performance of the season as Anna, turning a heroine who has long been portrayed (and reviled) as a whore with a heart of gold into a tough, ruthlessly unsentimental apostle of O'Neill's tragic understanding of life," New York Times critic Frank Rich wrote. "Miss Richardson, seeming more like a youthful incarnation of her mother, Vanessa Redgrave, than she has before, is riveting from her first entrance through a saloon doorway's ethereal shaft of golden light.''

Her most notable film roles came earlier in her career. Richardson played the title character in Paul Schrader's Patty Hearst, a 1988 biopic about the kidnapped heiress for which the actress became so immersed that even between scenes she wore a blindfold, the better to identify with her real-life counterpart.

"Natasha Richardson ... has been handed a big unwritten role; she feels her way into it, and she fills it," wrote The New Yorker's Pauline Kael. "We feel how alone and paralyzed Patty is – she retreats into being a hidden observer.''

Richardson was directed again by Schrader in a 1990 adaptation of Ian McEwan's The Comfort of Strangers and, also in 1990, starred in the screen version of Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale.

She later co-starred with Neeson in Nell, with Mia Farrow in Widow's Peak and with a pre-teen Lindsay Lohan in a remake of The Parent Trap. More recent movies, none of them widely seen, included Wild Child, Evening and Asylum.

She was born in London in 1963, the performing gene inherited not just from her parents (Vanessa Redgrave and director Tony Richardson), but from her maternal grandparents (Michael Redgrave and Rachel Kempson), an aunt (Lynn Redgrave) and an uncle (Corin Redgrave). Her younger sister, Joely Richardson, also joined the family business.

Friends and family members remembered Natasha as an unusually poised child, perhaps forced to grow up early when her father left her mother in the late '60s for Jeanne Moreau. (Tony Richardson died in 1991).

Interviewed by The Associated Press in 2001, Natasha Richardson said she related well to her family if only because, "We've all been through it in one way or another and so we've had to be strong. Also we embrace life. We are not cynical about life.''

Richardson always planned to act, apart from one brief childhood moment when she wanted to be a flight attendant – "wonderful irony now since I hate to fly and have to take a pill in order to get on a plane. I'm so terrified.''

Her screen debut came at age 4 when she appeared as a flower girl in The Charge of the Light Brigade, directed by her father, whose movies included Tom Jones and The Entertainer. The show business wand had already tapped her the year before, when she saw her mother in the 1967 film version of the Broadway show Camelot.

"She was so beautiful. I still look at that movie and I can't believe it. It still makes me cry, the beauty of it. I could go on and on – in that white fur hooded thing, when she comes through the forest for the first time. You've never seen anything so beautiful!" Richardson said.

She studied at London's Central School of Speech and Drama and was an experienced stage actress by her early 20s, appearing in On the Razzle, Charley's Aunt and The Seagull, for which the London Drama Critics awarded her most promising newcomer.

Although she never shared her mother's fiercely expressed political views, they were close professionally and acted together, most recently on Broadway to play the roles of mother and daughter in a one-night benefit concert version of A Little Night Music, the Stephen Sondheim-Hugh Wheeler musical.

Before meeting up with Neeson (who called her "Tash'') Richardson was married to theatre and producer Robert Fox, whose credits include the 1985 staging of The Seagull in which his future wife appeared.

She sometimes remarked on the differences between her and her second husband – she from a theatrical dynasty and he from a working-class background in Northern Ireland.

"He's more laid back, happy to see what happens, whereas I'm a doer and I plan ahead," Richardson told The Independent on Sunday newspaper in 2003. "The differences sometimes get in the way but they can be the very things that feed a marriage, too.''

She once said that Neeson's serious injury in a 2000 motorcycle accident – he suffered a crushed pelvis after colliding with a deer in upstate New York – had made her really appreciate life.

"I wake up every morning feeling lucky – which is driven by fear, no doubt, since I know it could all go away," she told The Daily Telegraph newspaper in 2003.

PSA TEST the detection of prostate cancer was unnecessary and potentially hazardous

RON BULL/TORONTO STAR

Prostate test may not save lives

March 19, 2009

Megan Ogilvie

A pair of huge studies published yesterday cast doubt on whether a popular prostate cancer test saves lives, but the head of the country's largest prostate cancer support group insists it saved him – and hundreds of other members.

Aaron Bacher of the Toronto Man to Man Prostate Cancer Support Group said he will continue to promote the simple PSA blood test as the best way to catch the cancer at its most treatable stage.

"I have no doubt the PSA test saved my life," he said. "I survived because the cancer was caught early and treated."

Two trials, published online yesterday in the New England Journal of Medicine, show the prostate-specific antigen test does little to reduce a man's risk of dying from the disease. They also suggest large-scale PSA testing may lead to more suffering than would the disease it aims to detect.

Dr. Anthony Miller, a study co-author and associate director for research at the University of Toronto's Dalla Lana School of Public Health, said the studies show the test should be used with caution.

They provide "very strong evidence" that a high proportion of cancers detected by PSA testing never would have harmed the men during their lifetimes, Miller said.

"So the detection of prostate cancer was unnecessary and potentially hazardous, and the complications (from surgery) that many of them have suffered – impotence, incontinence – were all unnecessary," he said.

The test, although at risk of yielding false positives, is not itself harmful, but it can trigger a cascade of debilitating treatments – including invasive surgery, radiation and chemotherapy – in cases where the cancer detected would not be lethal.

Cancer experts have eagerly awaited the results of the two trials, which collectively involved more than 230,000 men in the United States and seven European countries. Up until now, there had been no conclusive evidence whether the PSA did more good than harm.

The studies do not close the debate on the PSA test's long-term benefits, but experts say it provides valuable information on the test's potential risks and benefits.

In January, Ontario expanded its funding for PSA testing to include those ordered by a family physician. Previously the test, which costs between $30 and $50, was covered only when ordered at a hospital and paid for by that hospital's operating budget.

Dr. George Pasut, vice-president of prevention and screening for Cancer Care Ontario, said the two studies reaffirm most Canadian guidelines on PSA testing, which already caution health-care providers not to over-prescribe the test and recommends a well-informed discussion with patients to outline benefits and consequences.

"That is what most guidelines recommend ... And I would say both trials, in their separate ways, really reaffirm that," Pasut said.

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among Canadian men. Last year, an estimated 24,700 males were diagnosed with the disease and 4,300 died from it.

Cancer experts had long hoped the test, which looks for elevated levels of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate that rises in the presence of cancer, would help prevent men from dying of the disease. The two trials cast doubt on that.

The U.S. survey looked at nearly 77,000 men, about half of whom underwent aggressive PSA screening involving six blood tests a year and four rectal exams. The other half was assigned to the regular care of their own doctors, of which half reported having at least one PSA test by the trial's seventh year.

The study, which is ongoing, found about 20 per cent more cancers were detected among men in the aggressively screened group than in the control group. But having the test did not reduce a man's risk of dying from the disease in the first seven years of follow-up.

The seven-country European trial looked at 162,000 men aged 55-69. That trial found no benefit of screening in the first seven years of follow-up care, but did hint PSA screening may prove slightly beneficial with the passage of more time. At nine years of follow-up, there were 20 per cent fewer deaths from the cancer in the screened group.

Dr. Christine Berg, the report's senior author and head of the U.S. National Cancer Institute group running the U.S. study, said PSA testing is almost certainly causing unnecessary suffering in men who receive treatment for cancers they would very likely never die from."Clearly we want to prevent deaths from advanced prostate cancer," Berg said. "But at the same time we want to minimize men living for 15 or 20 years with incontinence from a (prostate removal) that they didn't need."

Berg said positive PSA tests often provoke overly aggressive responses by physicians. "We need a less knee-jerk response to one isolated PSA level," she said.